The study looked at how crude oil prices, real GDP, and exchange rates affect food prices in Malaysia from 2000 to 2016. They found that while crude oil prices have a consistent impact on food prices, real GDP and exchange rates have a more complex relationship. In the long run, changes in real GDP and exchange rates affect food prices differently, with exchange rates playing a bigger role. In the short term, real GDP growth and exchange rate changes have a significant impact on food prices, while crude oil prices do not. This suggests that policymakers should focus on exchange rates rather than crude oil prices when considering food price fluctuations.