Varicoceles, which are enlarged veins in the scrotum, can affect male fertility. A study looked at how surgery to fix varicoceles can improve sperm quality in infertile men. They found that the surgery had positive effects on sperm function tests and traditional semen analysis. The surgery was most effective for men with higher grade varicoceles. In lower grade cases, sperm function tests were better at predicting surgical success than traditional semen analysis. This suggests that surgery can help improve sperm quality in men with varicoceles, especially in more severe cases.