The researchers compared topsoil and subsoil from a Finnish farm to see how they differ and affect farming. They looked at things like soil type, acidity, nutrients, and how they change with farming practices. Topsoil had more clay and silt but less magnesium and acidity than subsoil. The subsoil was more varied. Clay was linked to nutrients in deeper soil layers. Fertilizers and lime changed soil makeup. Calcium didn't move much in the soil layers. Organic matter influenced magnesium and potassium. Subsoil had less plant-available phosphorus. Clay and organic matter affected soil's nutrient-retaining ability, especially in the topsoil. The study shows how farming impacts soil and how nutrients behave in different soil layers.