The article discusses how paintings were categorized and classified in ancient East Asian art. Different types of paintings were grouped into divisions based on their subjects, like figures, landscapes, and bird-and-flower paintings. These divisions were like academic departments for paintings, helping to showcase artists' skills and evaluate their work. The goal was to follow and expand on classic works, using specific subjects to convey themes. The materials used, mounting style, painting technique, and criticism all played a role in evaluating the art.