Researchers studied how cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin from plants change when heated with water at different temperatures and times. They used a combined factor to analyze the effects. They found that the hydrochar amount and the liquid produced changed with the severity factor. More severe conditions led to higher pH levels and more furanic and phenolic compounds. The process also produced furfural and 5-HMF. They looked at how these compounds were made and broken down over time. Additionally, nine phenolic compounds were identified from the lignin used in the study.