New methods revolutionize water management in agricultural areas of China.
Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) estimation methods vary by region. A study compared 12 methods with the widely accepted Penman-Monteith (P-M) method in northeast China. The Valiantzas2 and H-Makkink methods are recommended for agricultural areas, while Turc and Hargreaves-Samani methods may introduce biases. Temperature is the most influential factor, accounting for 59.5% of ET0 values. A modified equation provides the most accurate results, but drought events can affect its accuracy.