The chapter discusses common mental disorders in children and adolescents, focusing on anxiety and depressive disorders. Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent, with various types like separation anxiety and social anxiety. Treatment typically involves a mix of cognitive, behavioral, and parenting interventions. Depressive disorders include disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and major depressive disorder. Other disorders covered are reactive attachment disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and adjustment disorders. The chapter aims to help counselors recognize symptoms and provide appropriate interventions for these disorders in youth.