Crop yields in Russia need to increase to meet demand. A study looked at wheat production across European Russia from 1995 to 2006. They found that rainfed wheat had yield gaps of 44-52% of its potential, while irrigated wheat had gaps of 62-63%. Droughts caused fluctuations in rainfed yields, especially in fertile areas. The biggest gaps in irrigated wheat were in southeastern Russia. To reduce these gaps, better nutrients, water supply, and drought-resistant crops are needed. This study helps guide policies and investments to boost crop production in Russia.