Conservation tillage and crop residue retention in rice-based cropping systems can improve soil quality and crop productivity. Zero-till crop establishment treatments showed higher total organic carbon levels compared to conventional tillage. These treatments also increased water stable macro-aggregates and aggregate carbon content in the soil. Retaining crop residue led to higher soil organic carbon and increased availability of important nutrients like phosphorus and zinc. Overall, conservation tillage practices like zero-till transplant rice and zero-tillage direct seeded rice can enhance soil quality and sustainability in tropical rice-growing areas.