In the article "Caps and fences in climate change policies: Trade-offs in shaping post-Kyoto," researchers explored different ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions after the Kyoto Protocol. They looked at various policies and their impacts in the year 2020. By analyzing scenarios with different emission reduction goals and policy designs, they found that costs of climate actions depend on the reduction target, economic development, and policy approach used. The study showed that sticking to the current emission reduction targets could be cost-effective, but costs increase if fewer countries participate or if trading options are limited. Furthermore, failing to utilize clean energy opportunities in developing countries could lead to incomplete emission reductions.