The study looked at how different types of soil tillage and weed management affect the distribution and viability of weed seeds. They found that in no-tillage systems, most weed seeds were concentrated in the top 1 cm of soil, while in chisel plowing, over 30% of seeds were found in the top 1 cm. Using herbicides reduced weed seed population by 50%, but handweeding didn't further decrease seed numbers in chisel plowing or moldboard plowing. Common lambsquarters seeds germinated more in moldboard plowing and chisel plowing compared to no-tillage, with the highest germination in specific soil depths for each tillage method.