The study looked at how companies can improve their environmentally-friendly purchasing practices by developing specific green-purchasing capabilities. They surveyed 163 manufacturing firms in Malaysia and found that certain capabilities, like manufacturing and financial skills, have a positive impact on green purchasing. However, innovation capabilities did not show a significant effect. The study also found that regulations, customer demands, and competition can influence how well these capabilities translate into actual green purchasing practices. This research sheds light on the importance of having the right skills and resources to support environmentally-friendly purchasing decisions.