Cadmium in soil can harm the photosynthesis of Hybrid Pennisetum plants. The study looked at how different levels of cadmium affected the plants over 3 months. They found that higher cadmium levels led to more cadmium in the leaves, which hurt photosynthesis. The plants had less chlorophyll, which is important for photosynthesis, at higher cadmium levels. Cadmium also affected the plants' ability to use light and energy, as well as their ability to repair damage from light. Overall, cadmium reduced the plants' ability to photosynthesize by affecting chlorophyll, enzymes, and energy use.