Sanitation improvements in Vietnam, like building pit latrines in rural areas and off-site treatment options in urban areas, have economic benefits. The cost of these interventions is at least 6 times lower than the economic returns in rural areas and at least 3 times lower in urban areas. Even low-cost options provide high net benefits, especially for poor households. While environmentally friendly options are more expensive, they are valued by households, tourists, and businesses. This study shows that investing in sanitation and hygiene improvements is a good idea for both individuals and communities.