Infertile men with varicocele alone and varicocele with coexistent non-obstructive azoospermia have different clinical, hormonal, and sperm profiles. Varicocele can be the only cause of infertility in some men, while others may have additional causes. After varicocelectomy, sperm parameters improved only in men with varicocele alone, not in those with additional causes of infertility. Men with varicocele alone showed an increase in Sperm Index after surgery. Testicular volume, FSH levels, and sperm parameters differed between men with varicocele only and those with varicocele and idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia.