The article discusses how different cultures and individuals have varying cognitive styles, influenced by language, attention patterns, and personality. These differences arise from interactions within a complex culture-cognition system, where people use cognitive tools to understand the world. Exposure to different tools leads to unique cognitive styles, and individuals may adapt existing tools to acquire new ones. The researchers highlight the importance of understanding cognitive tools and styles in studying cognitive variation, presenting case studies on language learning's impact on executive control, attentional differences between the US and Japan, and the relationship between personality and vocabulary size.