Crop rotation in China increases crop yields by an average of 20% compared to continuous monoculture. The benefits are more significant in southwestern China (+38%) than in eastern China (+10%), especially in regions with moderate rainfall. Soils with coarse or medium textures, moderate initial organic carbon levels, and low total nitrogen benefit more from rotation. Legume-based rotations show a 14% higher yield increase. The type of previously cultivated crops also affects yield, with grain leguminous pre-crops showing the highest increase. The yield boost from rotation lasts for 2-3 years, with the greatest benefit in the second year. Conventional tillage enhances the effect of rotation on crop yield. Lower nitrogen fertilization rates (≤ 120 kg ha−1) can still maintain acceptable yields with crop rotation. Overall, crop rotation can significantly boost agricultural production without additional inputs, but its success depends on various factors like climate, soil, crops, and management practices.