Intercropping, conservation tillage, and organic fertilization can improve soil quality and fertility in Mediterranean fruit orchards. Diversified systems and conservation tillage increase soil organic carbon, especially when growing permanent crops in alleys. Soil nitrogen also benefits from these practices, but soil phosphorus may decrease with permanent crops. Crop yield is not significantly affected by intercropping or conservation tillage, but results vary based on climate. To maintain soil health and avoid nutrient depletion, growing annual alley crops with minimum tillage is recommended in warm, dry regions.