The article explores how high-performance work systems (HPWS) impact organizational performance (OP) and the role of performance measures. They found that HPWS has a stronger positive effect on operational performance compared to financial performance. HPWS is more influential in developing countries and at the firm level. Managers should focus on developing HPWS for operational gains, which can lead to financial gains. The relationship between HPWS and OP varies depending on the country and level of organization.