The study looked at how bacterial resistance affects healthcare costs in Russia. They analyzed data from hospitals in Saint Petersburg to estimate the number of patients with infections resistant to certain antibiotics. The total cost of treating these infections in Saint Petersburg was 250.887.292 rubles annually, and in all of Russia, it was 12.413.309.939 rubles. Most of the costs were for antibiotics, with a smaller portion for hospital stays and other measures. The researchers found that the cost of resistance is equal to the annual budget for antibiotics in both Saint Petersburg and all of Russia.