Replacing summer fallow with forage crops like forage rape and common vetch in the winter wheat cropping system can increase protein productivity and water use efficiency. The rotation system with forage crops improved precipitation use efficiency of crude protein yield by 20% and system water use efficiency by 28%. The rotation system with forage crops achieved greater crude protein productivity compared to the traditional system, with the RWRW rotation system showing the highest protein yield. However, the traditional system had the highest net income value. Overall, the rotation system of FWFW and RWRW is recommended for farmers for both profitability and sustainability.