The Chinese Empire relied heavily on agriculture, especially grain farming, to shape its environment and support its population. Over centuries, the empire adapted to climate shifts and utilized resources like fertile soil, water from rivers, and new crops to sustain its growth. As the population expanded, biodiversity decreased, and the empire's center shifted southward. By the 18th century, China had millions of people, and the Grand Canal connected the north and south for trade. However, by the 19th century, environmental pressures began to destabilize the empire, despite its past successful adaptations.