The researchers studied how heavy storms can cause sewage systems to overflow in Louisville, Kentucky. They looked at data on storm intensity and rainfall amounts to figure out when overflows happen. They found that when it rains over 1.4 inches or more in total, or if the rain comes down faster than 2 inches per hour, the sewers might overflow. Most overflows occurred during storms that happen about once a year. By understanding how storm characteristics affect sewage systems, we can predict and manage these events better in the future, helping communities plan for and prevent untreated sewage from flowing into streets and rivers during heavy rain.