High leverage linked to manipulation of earnings in corporate mergers.
High leverage does not impact earnings management in firms before mergers and acquisitions. However, after the deals are announced, there is evidence of upward earnings manipulation in non-cash acquirers. This suggests that creditors play a crucial role in monitoring firms and limiting management's ability to manipulate earnings during special events like mergers and acquisitions. Cash acquirers, on the other hand, do not engage in earnings management.