The study looked at heavy metals in the Pearl River Estuary, finding that levels are higher in the dry season due to factors like discharge and temperature. Heavy metal content was lower in the estuary segment compared to the far mouth segment, mainly due to differences in salinity and sediment concentration. Heavy metal pollution was worse in the far mouth segment, with As and Zn posing the most ecological risk. The Beijiang River had higher pollution levels compared to the Xijiang River and Dongjiang River. Pollution levels in the eastern and western outlets were similar, with Humen showing the most severe pollution likely due to local industrial activity. The source of heavy metals in the estuary is linked to geological background, industry, and mining activities.