The study looked at different ways to reduce nitrogen loss from farmland in North China. They tested controlled-release fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, and nitrification inhibitor on wheat and maize crops. The results showed that microbial fertilizer reduced nitrogen loss through ammonia, but increased loss through leaching. Controlled-release fertilizer and nitrification inhibitor helped maintain crop yield and nitrogen uptake. The soil quality improved with microbial fertilizer, and inorganic nitrogen content decreased with microbial and nitrification inhibitor. Overall, using these fertilizers can help reduce nitrogen loss and improve soil health in the long run.