The researchers analyzed the variation of nutrients and heavy metals in paddy field soils using GIS and Geostatistics. They found that pH and lead content varied weakly, while other factors like available phosphorus and cadmium showed moderate variation. The distribution patterns differed, with some nutrients and metals being more clustered than others. Factors like vegetation, topography, and human activities influenced the soil composition. The study revealed significant correlations between certain nutrients and heavy metals, such as pH with organic matter and cadmium with lead.