Tetracycline residues in tobacco soil affect the diversity and structure of bacterial and fungal communities. Different concentrations of tetracycline impact soil bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil differently. Higher tetracycline concentrations lead to similar bacterial community structures, while lower concentrations show distinct effects. Tetracycline influences soil bacteria consistently over time. Intermediate tetracycline levels increase fungal diversity in non-rhizosphere soil. Further research is needed to understand the biological effects of tetracycline on soil fungi and their interactions with bacteria.