Groundwater in Hanoi traced back to ancient sources, impacting resource management.
Groundwater in Hanoi, Vietnam, comes from evaporated rainwater and shallow groundwater. The water in Holocene and Pleistocene aquifers is older than the rainfall. The Red River interacts closely with two granular aquifers. Young water has mixed with older groundwater, shown by the presence of tritium. This study helps managers better understand where Hanoi's groundwater comes from.