Base erosion and profit shifting by multinational companies cost governments billions annually, affecting development and inequality. African countries have lower tax avoidance risks than EU and OECD nations but offer more profit-based tax incentives. However, African countries lack robust transparency and anti-avoidance measures compared to EU and OECD countries, indicating room for policy improvements to combat corporate tax abuse. The Corporate Tax Haven Index highlights distortions in academic studies and development policies related to corporate tax rates.