The article examines how trade policies impact trade flows between countries, focusing on the EU's preferences and non-tariff barriers. By analyzing data from 2017, the researchers found that while tariff preferences can boost trade, non-tariff barriers can hinder it. These barriers can make it harder for exporters to access international markets, affecting both the amount and intensity of trade between countries. In essence, simply having tariff preferences is not enough to increase trade; other barriers need to be addressed as well.