Primary forests in Europe are crucial for biodiversity and ecosystem services, but they are not adequately protected. Researchers analyzed primary forest distribution across different forest types and found significant protection gaps. Only a few forest types have more than half of their primary forests under strict protection. To protect all documented primary forests, protected area networks need to be expanded. However, there are opportunities for restoration within protected areas where non-primary forests exist. Europe's primary forests are in danger, but there are chances to improve protection and restore their structure and function.