The study looked at different forms of potassium in red soil in Kavalur sub-watershed of Koppal district, Karnataka. They found that the available potassium in the soil varied, with some areas having medium to high levels. Surface soil had more available potassium than sub-surface soil, likely due to the types of clay minerals present. The amount of water-soluble potassium was higher in surface soil, influenced by sand and organic matter content. Exchangeable potassium was higher in surface soil due to fertilization and manure application. Non-exchangeable and lattice potassium levels varied, with sub-surface soil having higher values. Total potassium content also varied based on factors like soil texture and organic carbon content.