The study looked at how market structure and risk affect the profitability of Indian banks. They analyzed data from 40 listed Indian commercial banks over 15 years. The results showed that bank risk has a negative impact on profitability. Contrary to traditional beliefs, higher market concentration was linked to lower profitability. Diversification and capitalization were found to boost profitability, while employee productivity and GDP growth had a negative effect. Liquidity and bank size did not significantly impact profitability.