The study looked at how people make decisions when faced with new situations and changes in their environment. By creating a special task, researchers found that humans use both curiosity and surprise to learn and make choices. Curiosity helps us explore new things, while surprise helps us learn faster. Even though we have a mental model of the world, we mostly rely on our instincts when making decisions. This model helps us notice unexpected events. The study's theory accurately predicts how people make choices and shows that our brains react differently to surprise, novelty, and rewards.