The article discusses how biofuels are being developed as an alternative to fossil fuels to address environmental concerns and energy security. Various sources like agricultural residues, forest wastes, and microalgae are used to produce biofuels through fermentation by microorganisms. This approach could help in reducing the depletion of oil resources and is a top priority in many countries. The article also highlights the global scenario, policies, challenges, and future perspectives in biofuel production.