The study looked at how climate change affected the permeability of soil layers in the Loess Plateau. By testing soil samples from different depths, researchers found that the upper part of the loess and lower part of the palaeosol had different permeability coefficients due to past climate conditions and microbial activity. The Loess Plateau, influenced by summer and winter monsoons, showed stable permeability in loess compared to palaeosol. The differences in aquifer characteristics and recharge conditions were linked to the intensity of pedogenesis, which was affected by dry-glacial and humid-interglacial climates. Overall, the findings suggest that climate change has played a significant role in shaping hydrological systems in the region.