The researchers studied how different ways of managing weeds and planting rice can affect weed growth, yield, and profits. They tested two planting methods, two rice varieties, and five weed management techniques in a field experiment. They found that square planting and the rice variety Arize 6444 led to lower weed growth, higher yields, and more profits. One method of hoeing and hand-weeding also reduced weed growth and increased yields and profits.