Real Earnings Manipulation Leads to Higher Cost of Equity Capital
The cost of equity capital for a company is affected by how much they manipulate their earnings. Real activities manipulation has a stronger impact on the cost of capital compared to accrual-based manipulation. Investors consider the Sarbanes-Oxley Act when deciding on investments. Real earnings manipulation reduces the quality of earnings more than accrual-based manipulation, leading to a higher risk premium demanded by the market.