The study examines how making more biofuels and fighting climate change can change how farmers use land and manage water in the U.S. They used a detailed economic model to see what might happen. The results show that making biofuels and following climate rules can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but this might mean using more water and nutrients. When policies push farming to use more land, it can increase overall water use and nutrients used, but less per area. On the other hand, if policies promote intense farming methods, water and nutrient use might go up. Also, with higher carbon prices, certain regions may face water quality problems due to limited options for reducing emissions. This shows that policies for biofuels and climate may impact water resources in unexpected ways.