The article explores how different countries, like Canada, handle cases of human rights violations that occur outside their borders. It looks at how the concept of jurisdiction, or the authority of a state to make and enforce laws, has evolved over time. The researchers discuss how traditional legal systems focused on individuals within their own borders, but as international human rights laws developed, states began to have obligations to protect rights globally. The study shows that Canadian courts have struggled to determine how far their jurisdiction extends in cases of human rights abuses abroad, revealing a fragmentation in international law on this issue.