Risk-averse buyers bid lower in all-pay auctions, impacting seller's payoff.
The article explores how buyers behave in all-pay auctions when they are slightly risk-averse. The researchers found that buyers with low values bid less, while buyers with high values bid more compared to when they are not risk-averse. In these auctions, buyers' expected utilities are lower than in first-price auctions. The seller's payoff in all-pay auctions can be higher or lower than in risk-neutral cases or first-price auctions.