Protectionist labor laws in Europe hurt women and youth job prospects.
Labor market institutions and welfare-state transfers in Western Europe have impacted jobs and productivity compared to Pacific Rim countries. Employee protection laws have become more costly since 1980, especially for senior male workers. Product-market regulations may have reduced GDP. High general tax levels no longer have a negative impact. Collective wage bargaining has saved jobs without affecting productivity. Social transfers from the welfare state have not harmed employment or GDP. Unemployment benefits do not have negative effects.