The article discusses changes in Polish agriculture due to the implementation of the CAP. It suggests that a dual model of development is needed, with some farms focusing on economic viability through industrial agriculture, while others prioritize eco-friendly methods in sustainable agriculture. The history of global agriculture is outlined, showing the shift from traditional to industrial models. The importance of state intervention for sustainable development is emphasized, with a focus on balancing economic viability and environmental protection in the future agricultural policy of Poland.