Small-scale dairy farmers in Kenya are not at risk of disappearing due to economies of scale. A study looked at dairy farms of different sizes and found that profitability per liter of milk was similar across all scales. Inefficiency, not scale, affected profitability. Farmers with poultry were more efficient, as they fed poultry waste to cattle. Being in a rural area also increased efficiency. To stay competitive, small dairy farms can improve roads, strengthen co-operatives, and use cheaper feed materials.