The article discusses how greenhouse gas emissions are causing climate change and the efforts to reduce them. Different methods like regulations, economic mechanisms, and market systems have been used to tackle this issue. The Kyoto Protocol introduced flexible mechanisms like trading quotas and clean development projects to address the problem. Despite these efforts, carbon emissions increased during the first period of implementation. Currently, the global carbon market is shifting towards national and regional regulation systems while maintaining an international framework. The 2012 conference clarified how countries will shape their climate policies in the future.