The study looked at how having better sanitation in rural India can improve the health of young children. They found that when households switch from open defecation to using improved toilets, there are direct health benefits for the children in the household. Additionally, when the whole village has access to improved sanitation, there are extra health benefits for all children in the village. The researchers discovered that there is a significant decrease in diarrhea cases among children when they have access to improved sanitation compared to those without it. Overall, the study shows that improving sanitation can greatly benefit the health of young children in rural areas.