This study looks at how the production and consumption activities of people in a specific region, like Wales, affect carbon emissions. The researchers used two methods to understand this: one focused on regional economic activities, and the other on how people's spending habits impact carbon emissions. They found that while regions can be accountable for their own carbon emissions, it gets tricky with products exported elsewhere but created within the region. This can affect things like GDP and jobs. By studying the example of Wales, where there might be more demand for products like Iron and Steel, they showed how this can change carbon emissions from the region's consumption activities.