The United States imposed tariffs on Chinese automotive tires in 2009, which China challenged in the WTO. The Appellate Body upheld the tariffs, marking the first time a challenged safeguard was upheld, and the first time an accession protocol was successfully used as a defense. This case was unique because the safeguard was requested by a labor union, not the industry. The findings have legal, policy, and economic implications regarding China's Accession Protocol and WTO accession law.