The article explores how people's preferences for fairness affect market outcomes. When individuals care about others' well-being, it can be hard to tell from their behavior in a competitive market. If preferences only depend on the final distribution of goods, making everyone better off with more resources is possible. However, the idea that everyone benefits equally from market outcomes doesn't always hold true. When people care about both their own consumption and how goods are distributed, they may not need to make direct transfers to achieve efficiency in competitive markets.